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2013년 11월 25일 월요일

About 'application for cancellation of college admission'|Code of Conduct for AMU Students







About 'application for cancellation of college admission'|Code of Conduct for AMU Students








CHAPTER-               I               INTRODUCTION               
               1.1               
               Right               to               Information               (RTI)               
               The               Freedom               of               Information               Bill               2000               was               introduced               in               the               parliament               on               25th               July               2000.

In               order               to               promote,               transparency               and               accountability               in               administration,               Parliament               passed               "Right               to               Information               Bill,               2004               on               15th               June,               2005,               "The               Right               to               Information               Act"               was               notified               in               the               Gazette               of               India               on               21st               June,               2005.

The               "Right               to               Information               Act"               has               become               fully               operational               from               12th               October,               2005.

so               as               to               enable               a               citizen               of               India               to               secure               access               to               information               under               the               control               of               Public               Authorities.

The               Right               to               Information               act               has               empowered               the               citizen               of               India.

He               can               now               question,               audit,               review,               examine,               and               assess               government               acts               and               decisions               to               ensure               that               these               are               consistent               with               the               principles               of               public               interests,               good               governance               and               justice.


               The               Freedom               of               Information               Bill               2000               introduced               in               the               Lok               Sabha               says               that:               
               (a)               Information               means               any               material               in               any               form               relating               to               the               administration,               operations               or               decisions               of               a               public               authority.


               (b)               The               bill               defines               public               authority               as               any               authority               or               body               established               or               constituted:               
               i.


               by               or               under               the               Constitution,               
               ii.


               by               any               law               made               by               the               appropriate               Government,               
               iii.


               and               includes               any               other               body               owned,               controlled               or               substantially               financed               by               funds               provided               directly               or               indirectly               by               the               appropriate               Government.


               (c)               Freedom               of               information               means               the               right               to               obtain               information               from               any               public               authority               by               means               of-               
               i.


               inspection,               taking               of               extracts               and               notes,               
               ii.


               certified               copies               of               any               records               of               such               public               authority               and               
               iii.


               diskettes,               floppies               or               in               any               other               electronic               mode               or               through               print-outs               where               such               information               is               stored               in               a               computer               or               in               any               other               device.


               The               Right               to               Information               law               ensures               three               important               rights               to               every               citizen:               Transparency,               Accountability               and               Openness               in               Governments               and               every               governmental               action.

Hence               one               could               call               it               the               TAO               of               the               Right               to               Information               Law.


               Section               4               of               the               Act               mandates               the               public               authorities               to               disseminate               information               by               publishing               certain               information               within               120               days               from               the               enactment               of               the               Act.

They               must               provide               details               of               the               nature,               management               and               their               functioning.

It               is               mandatory               on               the               part               of               public               authorities               to               do               so               within               the               time               specified               in               the               Act.


               Dr.

Sheila               Rai,               Transparency               and               Accountability               in               Governance               and               Right               to               Information               in               India               
               "State               Level               Laws               
               Tamil               Nadu               was               one               of               the               pioneer               states               to               introduce               the               RTI               Act               on               April               13,               1996.

The               enacted               legislation               was               full               of               exceptions               and               inadequacies               and               was               not               clear               as               to               how               the               Act               would               apply               to               Panchayat               Unions               Municipalities               and               Panchayats.


               This               uninspiring               model               definitely               did               not               merit               emulation.


               Goa               was               the               second               state               to               enact               this               legislation               (Oct.

1997).

Despite               tall               claims               made               by               the               state               government               regarding               transparency               and               openness               to               strengthen               democracy,               the               Goa               Act               also               ironically               consisted               of               several               peculiar               provisions,               which               allowed               the               state               to               withhold               information               without               sustainable               reasons               for               doing               so.

Vague               exceptions               and               lack               of               clarity               as               to               who               would               be               the               competent               authority               to               furnish               information               were               some               of               the               deficiencies               of               this               Act.


               Madhya               Pradesh               passed               a               bill               a               year               later               which               was               inexplicably               sent               for               asset               to               the               President.

The               assent               never               came.


               Rajasthan               passed               a               bill               in               May               2000.


               Thereafter               governments               of               Delhi,               Karnataka               and               Maharashtra               also               enacted               legislations               for               RTI."
               1.2               Research               Objective               
               The               primary               objective               of               this               research               paper               is               to               examine               the               existing               institution/infrastructure               of               the               Right               to               Information               regime               and               examine               its               successes,               weaknesses,               opportunities               available               and               threats               posed               to               it               (SWOT               analysis).

The               secondary               objective               of               this               paper               is               to               specifically               examine               the               impact               of               RTI               regime               on               the               bureaucratic               model               present               India,               particularly               with               regard               to               the               Government               offices               in               India.

The               central               theme               of               the               research               paper               is               the               underlying               assumption               that               the               RTI               regime               has               been               successful               in               eradication               corruption               and               increasing               efficiency               to               large               extent               in               Indian               bureaucratic               offices.


               1.3               Research               Methodology               
               The               researcher               has               relied               on               existing               studies               done               in               the               area               of               RTI               and               its               impact               on               bureaucracy,               and               on               his               own               observations               conducted               in               the               Mini               Secretariat,               Driving               License               Issuing               Authority,               Gurgaon.
               CHAPTER-               II
               SWOT               ANALYSIS               
               Before               a               case               comes               up               before               the               commission,               it               has               to               pass               through               two               stages:               a               request               and               then               an               appeal,               which               may               take               up               to               three               months.

These               three               months,               which               can               be               taken               to               be               the               "lead               time"               for               the               commission               is               now               practically               over               and               it               is               expected               that               the               cases               will               now               be               smoothly               responded               to               by               the               central               as               well               as               the               state               information               commissions.
               2.1               Success               
               A.

Rigged               Selection               of               Public               Service               Commission               Exams:               
               A               woman               who               took               the               Public               Service               Commission               exam               as               a               prerequisite               to               obtaining               a               job               used               the               RTI               to               obtain               information               that               indicated               there               were               severe               irregularities               in               the               selection               process               of               new-hires.

Her               inquiry               led               to               the               suspension               of               the               PSC               Chairman               and               the               cancellation               of               twenty               job               appointments.


               B.

One               of               the               simple               and               yet               very               powerful               examples               of               use               of               the               Right               to               Information               (RTI)               I               have               heard               is               of               a               slum               dweller               that               had               learnt               the               use               of               the               Right               To               Information.

When               he               applied               for               a               new               ration               card,               he               was               told               that               he               would               have               to               give               a               bribe               of               Rs.

2000               to               the               officials               to               obtain               it.

Our               friend,               -a               RTI-empowered               Citizen,               -               smiled,               and               applied               for               the               ration               card               without               offering               any               bribes               or               groveling               in               front               of               the               officials               for               pity.

Our               common               Citizen               had               decided               to               personally               become               the               enforcer               of               good               governance.

He               found               out               that               the               bribe-givers               got               their               ration               cards               in               about               four               weeks.

He               waited               for               an               extra               four               weeks,               and               then               applied               for               information               under               RTI.

Using               the               simple               format               with               an               application               fee               of               Rs.

10,               he               delivered               it               to               the               Public               Information               Officer               of               the               Food               and               Supply               office.

He               had               asked               up               to,               which               date               applications               for               ration               cards               had               been               cleared,               and               the               daily               progress               report               of               his               application.

This               shook               up               the               corrupt               officials,               since               the               answer               would               reveal               that               they               had               given               ration               cards               to               others               who               had               applied               after               him,               which               would               be               conclusive               evidence               that               they               had               no               justification               for               delaying               his               card.

Happy               ending:               The               Ration               card               was               given               to               him               immediately.

Our               RTI-empowered               Citizen               had               been               able               to               enforce               the               majesty               of               the               Citizen               by               using               RTI.

This               story               has               been               repeated               many               thousand               times               in               getting               a               road               repaired,               getting               an               electricity               connection,               admissions               in               educational               institutions               and               so               on.


               C.

Building               Inspector               immediately               sent               on               deputation               because               of               RTI               Act.


               RTI               is               very               good               tool               in               wiping               out               the               corruption               in               government               offices.

There               are               so               many               illegal               constructions               going               on               in               Jangaon               Municipality,               dist:               Warangal.

However               the               Building               Inspector               was               on               long               leave               and               was               not               reporting               to               the               duty               since               March               2006.


               I               submitted               a               representation               to               the               Regional               Director,               Town               &               Country               Planning,               Warangal               and               also               the               Municipal               Commissioner               Jangaon,               requesting               them               following               information.


               1.

How               long               the               Building               Inspector               was               sanctioned               the               leave?


               2.

Who               has               sanctioned               the               leave               and               what               arrangements               were               made               in               his               absence.


               3.

Who               is               responsible,               if               any               untoward               incident               happens               to               during               illegal               constructions?


               4.

Whether               they               have               reported               this               long               leave               to               other               higher               authorities.


               5.

Requested               to               provide               the               various               correspondences               with               higher               officials               etc.


               Though               the               officers               submitted               me               incomplete               information               but               within               a               weeks               time               a               new               Building               Inspector               was               sent               on               deputation.


               When               I               submitted               simple               representation,               the               officers               were               careless               and               have               not               acted               upon               but               when               same               with               subject               "Request               for               information               under               RTI               Act"               along               with               Rs10/-               IPO,               the               results               are               immediate.


               D.

Customs               officers               transferred               
               On               May               16,               Newsline               reported               how               10               officers               in               the               Directorate               General               of               Vigilance,               Customs               and               Central               Excise               in               Mumbai,               were               continuing               in               their               posts               after               completing               their               tenure,               despite               an               official               circular               disallowing               the               same.

Now,               following               a               Right               To               Information               (RTI)               application               filed               by               a               city               activist,               five               of               the               10               officers               are               being               transferred               for               completing               their               tenure               in               the               department.

As               per               a               Central               Vigilance               Commission               circular               dated               November               2,               2001,               the               Vigilance               Department,               classified               as               sensitive,               should               not               be               retaining               staff               and               officers               for               more               than               the               stipulated               three               years.

The               Vigilance               Department               handles               cases               of               corruption               and               misdeeds               by               officers               from               the               Customs               and               Central               Excise.

The               officers               whose               transfer               orders               have               arrived               are               Joint               Commissioner               G               Ravindranath               and               Assistant               Commissioner               M               A               Andrade,               who               joined               the               Vigilance               Department               in               February               2003,               Deputy               Commissioner               V               H               Bhatija,               who               joined               in               March               2003,               and               Superintendents               Narayan               Singh               and               S               K               Hattangadi,               who               joined               in               August               1999.


               E.

Mrs               Bhaduri               uses               RTI               to               get               a               blocked               sewer               repaired.


               Former               Ambassador               of               India               to               Portugal,               Mrs.

Madhu               Bhaduri               filed               a               RTI               application               with               the               Delhi               Jal               Board               (DJB).

Her               mother               lives               in               Hauz               Khas,               block               K               and               had               been               complaining               about               a               blocked               sewer               for               a               month.

Mrs.

Bhaduri               spoke               to               the               Junior               Engineer(JE)               to               get               the               matter               looked               into               as               the               block               had               started               to               stink               and               mosquitoes               had               become               a               big               problem.

The               Engineer               simply               said               he'd               look               into               the               matter               and               that               the               DJB               was               using               very               heavy               machinery               to               rectify               the               problem               and               did               nothing.


               F.

MLA               Funds               
               Every               MLA               in               Delhi               gets               two               crores               of               rupees               every               year               to               spend               on               works               for               the               development               of               his               constituency.

This               is               the               people's               money.

MLAs               should               ask               the               people               of               their               constituencies               before               taking               decisions               on               how               this               money               should               be               spent.

However,               most               of               the               time,               this               consultation               is               not               done               and               money               is               spent               on               works,               which               may               not               be               a               high               priority               for               the               people.

The               people               of               Pandav               Nagar               wanted               one               street               to               be               made.

They               approached               their               MLA               with               a               request               to               get               this               work               done               through               the               MLA               fund.

The               MLA               refused               saying               that               the               fund               had               already               been               exhausted.

People               applied               under               the               Right               to               Information               Act               to               know               the               list               of               works               sanctioned               using               their               MLA's               funds               and               also               the               balance               amount,               if               any.

They               were               shocked               to               know               that               hardly               any               works               had               been               carried               out               through               MLA               fund               that               year               and               almost               the               entire               amount               was               lying               idle.

Equipped               with               this               information,               the               people               again               approached               their               MLA.

It               was               difficult               for               the               MLA               to               refuse               their               request               this               time.


               G.

RTI               for               civil               service               score               
               The               Jharkhand               Public               Service               Commission               (JPSC)               cannot               deny               students               information               about               the               cut-off               marks               fixed               for               each               subject               in               civil               service               examinations,               observed               the               State               Information               Commission               (SIC)               today.


               JPSC,               which               had               earlier               decided               to               provide               the               cut-off               marks               to               students               in               view               of               an               order               of               the               Central               Information               Commission               (CIC)               to               the               Union               Public               Service               Commission,               stopped               on               the               ground               that               the               Delhi               High               Court               stayed               the               CIC               directive.


               CIC               had               recently               asked               the               Central               Board               of               Secondary               Education               (CBSE)               to               reveal               question-wise               marks               awarded               to               students               of               Class               X.


               SIC               has               also               appealed               the               Jharkhand               High               Court               to               appoint               public               information               officers               (PIOs)               and               formulate               rules               to               furnish               information               to               the               public.

The               Right               To               Information               (RTI)               Act               came               into               effect               on               October               12,               2005.

A               grace               period               of               100               days               was               provided               under               the               Act               to               designate               PIOs               since               the               enactment               of               the               RTI               had               expired.
               "The               High               Court               is               perhaps               the               only               institution,               which               is               yet               to               implement               the               RTI               Act,"               said               Mishra.

RTI               covers               all               the               three               wings               of               governance,               including               central               and               state               administrations,               panchayats,               local               bodies               and               non-governmental               organisations               receiving               public               funds.


               2.2               Weakness               
               One               of               the               major               criticisms               of               the               RTI               Act               has               been               the               availability               of               a               number               of               grounds               for               exemption               from               providing               information.

In               this               regard,               reference               may               be               made               to               Sections               8(1)               (e)               and               8(1)               (j)               of               the               RTI               Act               which               provide               broad               exemptions               from               disclosure.

Further,               Section               11               provides               an               easy               route               for               contesting               any               disclosure               of               information               that               has               been               provided               by               the               third               party.

In               order               for               the               RTI               Act               to               become               even               more               effective               a               tool               against               corruption,               the               scope               of               exemptions               from               disclosure               of               information               that               are               available               under               it               should               be               reduced.


               Section               7               of               the               RTI               Act               may               be               amended               to               insert               a               sub-section               (10)               as               follows:               
               The               PIO               may               refuse               a               request               for               information               if               the               request               is               manifestly               frivolous               or               vexatious.

Provided               that               such               a               refusal               shall               be               communicated               within               15               days               of               receipt               of               application,               with               the               prior               approval               of               the               appellate               authority.


               Provided               further               that               all               such               refusals               shall               stand               transferred               to               CIC/SIC,               as               the               case               may               be               and               the               ClC/SlC               shall               dispose               of               the               case               as               if               it               is               an               appeal               under               section               19(3)               of               the               RTI               Act.


               Further,               the               RTI               Act               does               not               provide               any               exemption               from               disclosure               of               information               that               is               privileged               and               need               not               be               disclosed               before               a               court               of               law               in               terms               of               Sections               122               to               126               of               the               Indian               Evidence               Act,               1872.

It               would               be               advisable               that               such               privileged               information               not               be               required               to               be               mandatorily               disclosed               under               the               RTI               Act.


               Right               to               information               has               also               ambiguity.

Section               22               of               the               Right               to               Information               Act               2005               provides               that               it               is               to               have               overriding               effect               over               inconsistent               legislation               or               rules.

The               Official               Secrets               Act,               1923,               a               legacy               of               British               rule               in               India,               contains               several               provisions               prohibiting               the               flow               of               information               from               the               Government               to               ordinary               people.

It               was               enacted               to               protect               against               spying,               but               its               provisions               are               far-reaching.

They               serve               not               only               to               restrict               access               to               information,               but               also               to               punish               the               disclosure               of               certain               sorts               of               information,               by               any               person.

Sections               123               and               124               of               the               Indian               Evidence               Act,               1872               also               impose               unnecessary               restrictions               on               making               available               official               information               as               evidence.


               Critics               suggest               that               corruption               scandals               will               remain               rampant               because:               1)               the               RTI               allocates               power               to               the               average               citizen               and               the               average               citizen               lacks               the               time               and               resources               to               uncover               corruption               and               2)               public               authorities               know               and               exploit               the               fact               that               individual               private               citizens               have               less               power.

The               argument               is               that               Indian               citizens               lack               political               clout               and               confidence               in               their               own               knowledge               of               the               legal               system               and               this               inadequacy               creates               a               rift               of               power               and               authority,               with               the               citizen               at               a               disadvantage.


               The               last               major               criticism               of               the               RTI               is               that               the               Act               lacks               a               clause               protecting               whistleblowers               from               retaliation               by               the               powerful               institutions               they               are               capable               of               bringing               down.

India               does               not               have               a               statute               protecting               whistleblowers               in               any               capacity,               and               critics               believe               this               provides               a               major               disincentive               for               those               with               important               information               about               corruption               to               come               forward.


               Considering               the               powerful               vested               interests               RIA               is               pitted               against,               one               should               not               discount               the               possibility               of               ingenious               interpretations               and               legalese               emerging               to               cloak               the               real               information               as               much               and               for               as               long               as               possible.

Further,               the               deprived               masses               '"               the               real               information               stakeholders               '"               would               always               be               so               engrossed               in               their               basic               fight               for               survival               that               it               would               be               well               nigh               impossible               for               them               to               even               contemplate               fathoming               '"               much               less               swimming               '"               the               sea               of               administrative               and               legal               battles               to               secure               necessary               information.
               CHAPTER-               III
               RTI               AND               BUREAUCRATIC               MODEL               
               The               overwhelming               culture               of               the               bureaucracy               remains               one               of               secrecy,               distance               and               mystification,               not               fundamentally               different               from               colonial               times.

In               fact,               this               preponderance               of               bureaucratic               secrecy               is               usually               legitimized               by               a               colonial               law,               the               Official               Secrets               Act,               1923,               which               makes               the               disclosure               of               official               information               by               public               servants               an               offence.


               Corruption               and               incompetence               have               made               a               mockery               of               the               Commonwealth               Games.

The               original               cost               estimate               made               in               2003,               when               Delhi               bid               for               the               Games               under               the               National               Democratic               Alliance               government,               was               for               a               total               of               Rs               1,900               crore.

The               overall               costs               have               escalated               to               an               estimated               Rs               11,000               crore               and               the               Government               of               Delhi               is               spending               an               additional               Rs               17,000               crore               on               Games-related               and               city               improve¬ment               facilities.

Other               calculations               of               the               actual               costs               of               these               games,               inclusive               of               hidden               subsidies,               are               more               than               double               this               amount.

Not               only               have               costs               ballooned,               there               has               been               no               trans¬parency               in               the               budgeting,               expenditure               and               accounting               of               these               large               monies.


               The               exercise               thus               far               seems               only               to               have               been               successful               in               generating               cutbacks               for               the               bureaucrats,               politicians               and               wheeler-dealers               involved               as               well               as               succulent               contracts               for               select               realty,               construction               and               hospitality               companies.


               The               right               to               information               movement               has               had               to               maintain               vigi¬lance               since               the               Act               was               passed,               as               the               bureaucracy               stung               by               the               pressure               to               part               with               hitherto               jealously               guarded               official               informa¬tion               does               its               best               to               put               up               barriers               to               transparency.

In               2006,               for               example,               there               were               moves               (since               dropped)               to               amend               the               Act,               one               of               the               proposed               amendments               being               to               withhold               file               notings               from               public               scrutiny.

In               March               this               year,               the               Central               Information               Commission               (CIC)               had               once               again               to               point               out               that               "file               notings"               constitute               information               and               cannot               be               kept               secret               in               opposition               to               the               DoPT's               stand               that               file               notings               cannot               be               made               public.
               3.1               Impact               
               RTI               is               an               effective               tool               for               curbing               bureaucratic               Red-Tapism.

For               example,               if               there               is               an               application               filed               in               any               government               body               for               any               information,               and               if               the               process               is               delayed,               then               this               tool               becomes               extremely               effective               in               terms               of               getting               to               identify               the               loopholes               and               fallacies               in               the               process               as               the               tool               also               helps               in               assessing               the               level               of               transparency               and               accountability               of               the               public               institutions               towards               its               citizens,               which               further               smoothens               the               process               of               the               democratic               functioning               of               public               institutions.


               The               Transparency               International               (TI)               has               reported               that               perceived               corruption               in               India               (a               score               of               3.5               out               of               10)has               declined               at               the               rate               of               about               15-20               per               cent               per               year,               due               mainly               to               the               implementation               of               the               RTI               Act.


               The               cumulative               impact               on               control               of               corruption               and               the               arbitrary               exercise               of               power,               of               the               availability               of               such               information               to               the               citizen,               would               be               momentous.

Information               would               include,               for               example               in               the               context               of               maximum               interface               of               the               ordinary               citizen               with               government,               the               following:               
               '¢               
               All               estimates,               sanctions,               bills,               vouchers               and               muster               rolls               (statements               indicating               attendance               and               wages               paid               to               all               daily               wage               workers)               for               all               public               works.


               '¢               
               Criterion               and               procedure               for               selection               of               beneficiaries               for               any               government               programmed,               list               of               applicants               and               list               of               persons               selected.


               '¢               
               Per               capita               food               eligibility               and               allotments               under               nutrition               supplementation               programmes,               in               hospitals,               welfare               and               custodial               institutions.


               '¢               
               Allotments               and               purchase               of               drugs               and               consumable               in               hospitals               
               '¢               
               Rules               related               to               award               of               permits,               licences,               house               allotments,               gas,               water               and               electricity               connections,               contracts,               etc.,               list               of               applicants               with               relevant               details               of               applications,               and               list               of               those               selected,               conditions               of               award               if               any               
               '¢               
               Rules               related               to               imposition               of               taxes               such               as               property               tax,               stamp               duty,               sales               tax,               income               tax,               etc.,               copies               of               tax               returns,               and               reasons               for               imposition               of               a               particular               level               of               tax               in               any               specific               case.


               '¢               
               Copies               of               all               land               records.


               '¢               
               Statements               of               revenue,               civil               and               criminal               case               work               disposal               
               '¢               
               Details               of               afforestation               works,               including,               details               of               land/sites,               species               and               numbers               of               plants,               expenditure               on               protection               
               '¢               
               List               of               children               enrolled               and               attending               school,               availing               of               scholarships               and               other               facilities               
               '¢               
               Rules               related               to               criterion               and               procedure               for               selection               of               persons               for               appointment               in               government,               local               bodies               or               public               undertakings,               copy               of               advertisement               and/or               references               to               employment               exchange,               list               of               applicants               with               relevant               details,               and               list               of               beneficiaries               elected.


               '¢               
               Prescribed               procedures               for               sending               names               from               employment               exchanges,               relevant               details               of               demands               from               prospective               employers,               list               of               candidates               registered               and               list               referred               to               specific               employers.


               '¢               
               Rules               related               to               criterion               and               procedure               for               college               admission,               list               of               applicants               with               relevant               details,               and               list               of               persons               selected.


               '¢               
               Copies               of               monthly               crime               report.


               '¢               
               Details               of               registration               and               disposal               of               crimes               against               women,               tribals               and               dalits               (literally               the               oppressed,               groups               traditionally               subjected               to               severe               social               disabilties)               vulnerable               groups,               crimes               committed               during               sectarian               riots               and               corruption               cases.


               '¢               
               Number               and               list               of               persons               in               police               custody,               period               of               and               reasons               for               custody.


               '¢               
               Number               and               list               of               persons               in               custodial               institutions               including               jails,               reasons               for               and               length               of               custody,               details               of               presentation               before               courts               etc.


               '¢               
               Mandatory               appointment               of               visitors               committees               to               every               custodial               institution,               with               full               access               and               quasi-judicial               authority               to               enquire               into               complaints.


               '¢               
               Air               and               water               emission               levels               and               content               with               regard               to               all               manufacturing               units,               coupled               with               the               right               of               citizens'               committees               to               check               the               veracity               of               these               figures;               copies               also               of               levels               declared               safe               by               government               authorities,               to               be               published               and               made               available               on               demand.
               3.2               Corruption               in               license               office               
               On               the               average,               individuals               pay               about               twice               the               official               amount               to               obtain               a               license               and               very               few               take               the               legally               required               driving               test,               resulting               in               many               unqualified               yet               licensed               drivers.

The               magnitude               of               distortions               in               the               allocation               of               licenses               increases               with               citizens'               willingness               to               pay               for               licenses.

These               results               support               the               view               that               corruption               does               not               merely               reflect               transfers               from               citizens               to               bureaucrats               but               that               it               distorts               allocation.


               Between               October               2004               and               April               2005,               the               International               Finance               Corporation               (IFC)               followed               822               individuals               through               the               process               of               obtaining               a               driving               license.

Driving               licences               were               chosen               because               its               bureaucratic               process               is               analogous               to               the               processes               of               many               other               common               services               '"               business               licences,               export               licences,               passport               and               visa               services,               etc.


               To               this               end,               the               IFC               collected               data               on               whether               individuals               obtained               a               license,               as               well               as               detailed               micro               data               on               the               specific               procedures,               time,               and               expenditures               involved.

After               survey               participants               obtained               a               license,               the               IFC               gave               them               an               independent,               surprise               driving               test               '"               simulating               the               test               that               is               supposed               to               be               given               by               the               regional               transport               office               '"               to               determine               how               well               these               individuals               could               actually               drive.

In               addition,               some               license               candidates               were               given               a               bonus               to               obtain               the               license               in               the               minimal               legal               time.

This               was               done               to               understand               whether               those               with               a               higher               willingness               to               pay               (the               rich               and/or               impatient)               could               more               easily               obtain               a               license.

Other               license               candidates               were               given               driving               lessons               to               understand               whether               good               drivers               could               more               easily               obtain               a               license.

The               results               of               this               study               show               a               deeply               distorted               bureaucratic               process.

The               average               license               getter               pays               about               Rs               1,080,               or               about               2.5               times               the               official               fee               of               Rs               450,               to               obtain               a               license.

More               importantly,               close               to               60               per               cent               of               license               getters               do               not               take               the               licensing               exam               and               54               per               cent               are               unqualified               to               drive               (according               to               the               independent               test               we               performed)               at               the               time               they               obtain               their               license.

Instead,               corruption               results               in               a               misallocation               of               public               services,               with               many               unqualified               drivers               obtaining               licences.
               CHAPTER-               IV
               CONCLUSION               
               Corruption               is               the               largest               hurdle               to               India's               pursuit               of               economic               achievement.

Corruption               in               India               is               all               pervasive;               it               creeps               in               the               political,               judicial,               police               and               security               system.

The               damage               that               has               been               done               to               India's               reputation               by               the               pernicious               evil               of               public               servant               corruption               cannot               be               ignored.

Corruption               perhaps               cannot               be               eliminated               completely               but               with               due               restraint               can               be               controlled.

In               this               regard,               the               2005               RTI               Act               aided               the               fight               against               corruption               by               granting               private               citizens               the               fundamental               right               to               retrieve               information               from               public               authorities.

Explicit               exercise               of               this               right               was               not               possible               due               to               its               derivative               and               implicit               existence               within               the               Constitution.

But               despite               the               shortcomings               it               can               not               be               allowed               to               dominate               the               growth               of               a               healthy               democratic               atmosphere-               especially               in               a               country               which               happens               to               be               the               largest               democracy               in               the               world.

Combating               corruption               which               has               been               a               major               concern               for               our               country               for               decades               has               a               solution               potentially               in               the               hands               of               RTI.

It               is               therefore,               quite               safe               to               assert               that               RTI               is               a               means               as               well               as               end               to               achieve               democracy               in               its               truest               meaning.
               BIBLIOGRAPHY
               Abhinav               Srivastava.

Right               to               Information.

Available               at               http://www.legalservicesindia.com/articles/rgti.htm.
               Understanding               The               "Key               Issues               And               Constraints"               In               Implementing               The               Rti               Act               
               Approach               And               Methodology.

Available               at               http://rti.gov.in/rticorner/rti_methodology%5b1%5d.pdf.
               Smita               Srivastava.

The               Right               to               Information               in               India:               Implementation               and               Impact.

Available               athttp://www.onlineresearchjournals.com/aajoss/art/49.pdf.
               Right               to               information.

Available               at               http://www.rrtd.nic.in/right%20to%20information.html.
               Rani               Advani.

The               Right               to               Information               Law               in               India----A               Comparative               Picture.

Available               at               http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/india/articles/the%20right%20to%20information%20law%20in%20india.pdf.
               Sheela               R.

Chandran.

RTI               act-               Its               Social               Impact.

Available               at               www.napsipag.org/pdf/sheila_rai.pdf.
               O               P               Kejriwal.

Right               to               Information               Act-Loopholes               and               Road               Ahead.

Economic               &               Political               Weekly,               November,               2005.
               Christina               E.

Humphreys.

UICIFD               Briefing               Paper               No.

7:               The               Current               State               of               India's               Anti-Corruption               Reform:               The               RTI               and               PCA.

Available               at               http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/briefings/docs/india.shtml.
               Dheeraj               Mani.

Right               to               Information               Act-               an               Overview.

Available               at               http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/rti_dh.htm.
               Sudhir               Kumar               and               Shashank               Manish.

Right               to               Information:               Tool               in               the               Hand               of               Public.

Available               at               http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l89-right-to-information.html.
               National               Anti-Corruption               Strategy.

Available               at               http://www.cvc.nic.in/nationalanticorruptionstrategydraft.pdf.
               Shekhar               Singh.

Administrative               Reforms               Commission               and               Right               to               Information.
               Rahul               Shrivastava.

Right               to               information.

Available               at               http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/right-to-information-444-1.html.
               Oulac               Niranjan.

Right               to               Information               and               the               Road               to               Heaven.

Economic               &               Political               Weekly,               
               November,               2005.
               Harsh               Mander               and               Abha               Joshi.

The               Movement               for               Right               to               Information               in               India,               Available               at               www.rtigateway.org.in/.../12.%20An%20article%20on%20RTI%20by%20Harsh%20Mander.pdf.
               Delusions               of               Grandeur.

Economic               &               Political               Weekly,               Vol               XLV               No               33               EPW               8,               August               14,               2010.
               Auditing               the               Right               to               Information               Act.

Economic               &               Political               Weekly,               May               3,               2008.
               Namita               Singh               &               Abhay               Pratap               Singh.

Right               To               Information.

Available               at               http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l181-Right-To-Information.html.
               Animesh.

Right               to               information               as               a               procedural               justice.

Available               at               http://legalservicesindia.com/article/article/right-to-information-as-a-procedural-justice-491-1.html.
               Marianne               Bertrand,               Simeon               Djankov,               Rema               Hanna,               Sendhil               Mullainathan.

Corruption               in               Driving               Licensing               Process               in               Delhi.

Economic               &               Political               Weekly,               February               2,               2008.






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    1. adnanf.wordpress.com/   08/23/2012
      ... about the cancellation of the test, the whole...become uncertain for us.” He ...for tuition and admission procedures... the medical college admission ...
    2. jimcraven10.wordpress.com/   11/29/2012
      ... at Clark College. There is also the issue of time. I gave... reason for something that ...take it rather informal application for employment. Because...
    3. akskhanbl.blogspot.com/   02/24/2009
      ...’s College / Centre...the responsibility of the candidate to... for admission shall not be ... and his/her Application Form/fees...
    4. askmssun.livejournal.com/   10/30/2012
      ...Admission Cancellation - 41... for ...ucla.edu/admissions/e nrollment...All other colleges (School of the...supplemental application; failure...
    5. gcwatercooler.wordpress.com/   04/21/2010
      ... the SAT for him... out of line with...260. After the cancellation, Georgia ...’s admission application to the university...the 2004-05 college basketball season...
    6. nasabablog.wordpress.com/   08/03/2011
      ...simply by virtue of being out of status. Status is a different...foreign national to bars to admission. If unlawfully present in the U.S. for over 180 days but less than...
    7. amubytes.blogspot.com/   08/07/2010
      ...iv)Suspension or cancellation of Scholarships...position in the Class/College/Hostel/Mess/...Mess/Library/ Club for a specified...of further admission or re-admission...
    8. askmssun.livejournal.com/   11/03/2012
      ...Admission Cancellation - 24 ... for EVERY major...http://www.admissions.ucla.edu/prospect...alternate. School of the ...supplemental application; failure to... colleges will result...
    9. themoneycoach1.wordpress.com/   05/06/2009
      ...the applicable requirements for admission on the basis of ability to benefit. The school ...name without your permission on a loan application or promissory note. You had a...
    10. askmssun.livejournal.com/   10/01/2012
      ...You can also just sign up for the UC application at https://admissions.universityofcaliforni a.edu/applicant... into the College of Agricultural and Environmental...



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